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Ali was the cousin and son-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and a member of the ''Ahl al-Bayt''.〔(Who are Ahlul-Bayt? )〕 Ali is regarded as the first Imam and is considered, along with his descendants, to be one of the divinely appointed successors of Muhammad who are considered the only legitimate religious and political leaders of the Muslim community.〔(Who is the successor of the Prophet )〕 Although Ali was regarded, during the lifetime of Muhammad, as his initial successor, it would be 25 years before he was recognized with the title of Caliph ''(successor)''. Like the rest of his household, Ali is considered infallible and sinless and is one of The Fourteen Infallibles of the household of Muhammed. Tradition states that Ali was born inside the ''Kaaba'' in Mecca,〔(Birth of Ali (a) in Ka’ba – A unique distinction )〕 and was a member of the Quraysh tribe. Ali's father and Muhammad's uncle, Abu Talib ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib, was custodian of the Kaaba and a sheikh of the Banu Hashim; an important branch of the powerful tribe of the Quraysh. His mother, Fatimah bint Asad, was also from the Banu Hashim. In Arab culture it was a great honor for Ali that both of his parents belonged to the Banu Hashim. Ali was also one of descendants of Ishmael (Isma'il) the son of Abraham (Ibrahim). During his childhood, Ali spent his first six years under his father's roof. Then, as a result of famine in and around Mecca, Muhammad asked his uncle, Abu Talib, to allow Ali to come and live in the house of his cousin.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=The birth of Ali ibn Abi Talib )〕 It would be another four years until Muhammad would announce his Prophethood. When the divine command came for Muhammad to begin to preach, Ali, only a child of ten years, was the first male to publicly announce his support for his cousin.〔(Ali (AS) The First Imam )〕 Over the coming years, Ali stood firmly in his support of Muhammad during the persecution of Muslims by the Meccans. Ali migrated to Medina shortly after Muhammad. There Muhammad told Ali that he had been ordered by God to give his daughter, Fatimah, to Ali in marriage.〔(On The Way to Marriage )〕 For the ten years that Muhammad led the community in Medina, Ali was extremely active in his service, leading parties of warriors on raids, and carrying messages and orders. With the exception of the Battle of Tabouk, Ali took part in all the battles fought for Islam during this time. After the assassination of the third Caliph, Uthman ibn Affan, the ''Sahabah'' (Companions of Muhammad) in Medina selected Ali to be the new Caliph. He encountered defiance and civil war (First Fitna) during his reign. Tragically, while Ali was praying and bowing to God in the Great Mosque of Kufa, Abd-al-Rahman ibn Muljam, a ''Kharijite'' assassin, struck him with a poison-coated sword. Ali died on the 21st of Ramadan in the city of Kufa in 661 CE. Ali is highly regarded for his knowledge, belief, honesty, devotion to Islam, loyalty to Muhammad, his equal treatment of all Muslims, and his generosity in forgiving his defeated enemies. In addition, he is respected as the rightful successor of Muhammad.〔(Designation of Ali as successor to the Prophet )〕 Ali retains his stature as the foremost authority on the Tafsir (Quranic exegesis), Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) and religious thought. The compilation of sermons, lectures, and quotations attributed to Ali are compiled in the form of several books. ''Nahj al-Balagha'' is the most revered of them. It is considered by historians and scholars to be an important work in Islamic literature.〔(The Glimpses of Nahj al Balaghah )〕 ==Early life== Fatimah bint Asad, the wife of Abu Talib ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib, pregnant with Ali, completed her pregnancy term of 270 days but had not yet been induced into labor to give birth to the post-term baby. Abu Talib suggested to his wife that she perform circumambulations around the Kaaba and pray for divine assistance. In the midst of performing her rounds, she went into labor; at one corner of the Kaaba, designated as the Rukne Yamani, the Kaaba split open and she was given a push from behind towards the direction of the opening. Inside the Kaaba, Fatimah gave birth to Ali, and it wasn't until Muhammad had looked upon the infant that the infant's eyelids opened. At the time of Ali's birth a special relationship was hence imparted between Muhammad and Ali, and would be manifested from the time of the Muhammad's call in the year 610 A.D. until his death in the year 632.〔(The Rightful Successor )〕 Ali would be given the privilege of being to only person to be born inside the Kaaba.〔(History of The Holy Kaaba )〕 In a Muslim tradition regarded as authentic by Shias and included in ''Mawaddat al-Qurba'' and ''Peshawar Nights'', Ali's mother Fatimah bint Asad named him after her father, Asad. Abu Talib did not agree with her and said: The answer to the prayer was Ali, derived from one of 99 Names of God, ''Al Ali'' (The Exalted).〔(Abu Talib was Guided by Allah )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Shia view of Ali」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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